Rimonabant, the first selective CB (1) receptor antagonist in clinical use, has been extensively investigated in the rimonabant in Obesity (RIO) programme, comprising rimonabant 20 mg daily consistently reduced body weight, waist circumference, triglycerides, blood pressure, insulin resistance and creactive protein levels, and increased HDL cholesterol concentrations in both non-diabetic and type-2 diabetic overweight/obese patients. Adiponectin levels were increased, an affect that correlated with HDL cholesterol augmentation, while small dense LDL cholesterol levels were decreased in patients receiving rimonabant 20 mg compared with those receiing placebo in RIO Lipids. Furthermore, in RIO Diabetes, a 0.7% reduction in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels was observed in metformin or sulphonylurea-treated patients with type-2 diabetes. Almost half of metabolic changes occurred beyond weight loss, in agreement with direct peripheral effects. Rimonabant was mostly well-tolerated, but with a slightly higher incidence of depressed mood disorders, anxiety, nausea and dizziness compared with placebo. Overweight/obese subjects with cardiometabolic risk factors and with no major depressive illness and/or ongoing anti depressive treatment, in order to both maximise efficacy and minimise safety issues.
Wednesday 28 December 2011
CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK FACTORS AND ITS INPUT ON CB1 RECEPTOR BLOCKAGE
Rimonabant, the first selective CB (1) receptor antagonist in clinical use, has been extensively investigated in the Rimonabant in Obesity (RIO) programme, comprising Rimonabant 20 mg daily consistentl reduced body weight, waist circumference, triglycerides, blood pressure, insulin resistance and creative protein levells, and increased HDL cholesterol concentrations in both non-diabetic overweight/obese patients. Adiponectin levels were increased, an effect that correlated wity HDL cholesterol augmentation, while small dense LDL c
OBESITY CAUSES HYPERTENSION
A relationship between obesity and high blood pressure is in fact, obese people have a higher blood pressure rather than people with a normal blood pressure. The cardiovascular risk is increased with obesity.
Why is there is a relation between obesity and high blood pressure?
Obesity presented an increase in the cardiac out put and the blood volume, and in the arterial resistance. In fact, obesity induces a high secretion of insulin in trying to decrease the excessive sugar concentration in the blood. This insulin secretion is higher as compared to a non-obese subject.
Moreover, the insulin, secreted by the pancreas, is responsible for many alterations in the body:
- It induces a thickening of the vessels which is responsible for an increase in their toughness, thus increasing the blood pressure;
- It increases the cardiac output because the secretion of adrenalin is increased;
- Process of reabsorption is induced of water and salt by the kidney, which increases the blood volume and thus increases the blood pressure;
- Moreover, obesity is responsible for an over-sensitiveness to sodium, which is known to increase the rigidity of the peripheral arteries.
Friday 2 December 2011
HOW TO MANAGE TYPE 2 DIABETES, THE ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEM
Type 2 diabetes is closely related to abdominal obesity and is generally associated with cardiometabolic risk factor, resulting in a high incidence of cardiovascular complication. In human being endocannabinoid (EC) system is overactivated in presence of abdominal obesity and diabetes, and contributes to disturbances of energy balance and metabolism. Not only it regulates the intake of utrients through central mechanisms located within the hypothalamus and limbic area, but it also intervenes in transport, metabolism and deposit of the nutrients in the digestive tract, liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and possibly pancreas. Activation of both central and peripheral CB1 receptors promotes weight gain and associated metabolic changes. Conversely, rimonabant, the first selective CB (1) receptor antagonist in clinical use, has been shown to reduce body weight, waist circumference, triglycerides, blood pressure, insulin resistance and C-reactive protein levels, and to increase HDL cholesterol and adiponectin concentrations in both non-diabetic and diabetic overweight/obese patients. In addition, a 0.5-0.7% reduction in glycated hemoglobin (HBA1c) levels was observed in metformin-or sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes and in drug-naive or insulin-treated diabetic patients. Almost half of metabolic changes occurred beyond weight loss, in agreement with direct peripheral effects. Rimonabant was generally well-tolerated, but with a slightly higher incidence of depressed mood disorders, anixiety, nausea and dizziness compared to placebo. In overweight/obse patients with type 2 diabetes and high risk cardiovascular disease.
HAZARDS WITH OBESETY
Obesity, especially visceral obesity, is associated with a cluster of metabolic complications increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes and CHD. It has been shown that obese patients characterized by a high accumulation of visceral adipose tissue have increased glycemic and insulinemic responses to an oral glucose loan compared to normal weight individuals or to obese individual with a low accumulation of visceral adipose tissue. Viscerally obese patients are also characterized by an unfavourable plasme lipid profile which includes elevated triglyceride and apolipoprotein B concentrations, reduced HDL-cholesterol level as well as in increased poroportion of small, dense LDL Such changesin the lipid profile are often observed even in the absence of elevated LDL-cholesterol. Metabolic triad of non-traditional risk factors (hyperinsulinemia, elevated apolipoprotein B levels, increased proportion of small, dense LDL particels) was associated with a 20-fold increase in lthe risk of CHD. Indeed, less than 10% of men with a waist circumference below 90 cm and triglyceride concentrations below 2 mmol/l were characterized by the features of the metabolic triad. However, more than 80% of individuals with a waist circumderence above 90 cm and triglyceride levels above 2 mmol/l were carriers of the metabolic triad. Finally, an elevated visceral adipose tissue accumulation has also been associated with a thrombogenic and a pro-inflammatory metabolic profile which would be predictive of an unstable atherosclerotic plaque. Therefore, the stabilisation of the atherosclerotic plaque may represent a legitimate therapeutic objective to reduce the risk of CHD among patients with visceral obesity. It is recommended that a rather modest weight loss (approximately 10%) could contribute to substantially improve the risk profile of these patients.
VISCERAL OBESITY
Visceral obesity is associated with metabolic abnormalities that increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and CHD. Obese patients with a substantial accumulation of visceral adipose tissue are characterized by higher insulinaemic and glycaemic reponses during an oral glucose challenges as well as by a deteriorated plasma lipoprotein-lipid profile compared with individuals with normal body weights or obese subjects with low levels of visceral adipose tissue. The cluster of metabolic disturbances observed among subjects with visceral obesity (hyperinsulinaemia, hyperapolipoprotein B and small dense low-low density lipoprotein (LDL) particles) is related with a 20-fold increase in the risk of CHD. Therefore, we have developed a simple screening approach in order to help physicians and health professionals indentify at low cost individuals who would be characterized by this cluster of atherogenic abnormalities. We found that the simultaneous presence of an elevated waist girth combined with moderate hypertriglyceridaemia (hypertriglyceridaemic waist) could adequately identify a large proportion (approximately 80%) of carriers of the above triad of atherogenic metabolic abnormalities (hyperinsulinaemia, hyperapolipoprotein B and small, dense LDL particles). Finally, there is evidence suggesting that the risk of an acute coronary syndrome in these viscerally obese patients may not always be related to the extent of CAS, providing further support to the notion that additional markers of thrombosis/infllammation should be considered. Thus, the stabilization of the atherosclerotic plaque, rather than its regression may even become a more legitimate and feasible therapeutic objective for the management of the CHD risk in the viscerally obese patient.
Wednesday 30 November 2011
TYPE 2 DIABETES
THE TREATMENT OF METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES
Abdominal obesity is associated with numerous metaolic abnormalities, including insulin resistance, impaired glucose
tolerance/type-2 diabetes, and atherogenic dyslipidaemia with low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, high triglycerides, and increased small dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. A proportion of these metabolic disorders may be attributed to increased endocannabinoid activity. The selective cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor antagonist rimonabant has been shown to reduce boldy weight, waist circumference, insulin resistance, triglycerides, dense LDL, C-reactive protein (CRP), and blood pressure, and to increase HDL and adiponectin conecentrations in both non-diabetic and diabetic overweight/obse patients. Besides an improvement in glucose tolerance in non-diabetic subjects, a reduction of 0.5-0.7% in haemoglobin A1C (HbA(1c)) levels was consistently observed in vatious groups of patients with type-2 diabetes. Almost half the metabolic changes could not be explained by weight loss, supporting direct peripheral effects of rimonabant. Ongoing studies should demonstrate whether improved metabolic disorders with CB1 receptor antagonists (rimonabant, taranabant, etc.) would translate into fewer cardiovascular complications among high-risk individulas.
Abdominal obesity is associated with numerous metaolic abnormalities, including insulin resistance, impaired glucose
tolerance/type-2 diabetes, and atherogenic dyslipidaemia with low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, high triglycerides, and increased small dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. A proportion of these metabolic disorders may be attributed to increased endocannabinoid activity. The selective cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor antagonist rimonabant has been shown to reduce boldy weight, waist circumference, insulin resistance, triglycerides, dense LDL, C-reactive protein (CRP), and blood pressure, and to increase HDL and adiponectin conecentrations in both non-diabetic and diabetic overweight/obse patients. Besides an improvement in glucose tolerance in non-diabetic subjects, a reduction of 0.5-0.7% in haemoglobin A1C (HbA(1c)) levels was consistently observed in vatious groups of patients with type-2 diabetes. Almost half the metabolic changes could not be explained by weight loss, supporting direct peripheral effects of rimonabant. Ongoing studies should demonstrate whether improved metabolic disorders with CB1 receptor antagonists (rimonabant, taranabant, etc.) would translate into fewer cardiovascular complications among high-risk individulas.
TYPE 2 DIABETES
RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS CANNABINOID-1 IN DIABETES TYPE 2
Type 2 diabetes is closely related to abdominal obesity and is generally associated with other cardiometabolic risk factors, resulting in a risk of major cardiovascular disease. In human central and peripheral endocannabinoid actions, via the activation of Cb1 receptor, promote weight gain and associated metabolic changes. Rimonabant, the first selective CB (1) receptor blocker to reduce body weight, waist circumference, triglycerides, blood pressure, insulin resistance index and C-reactive protein levels, and to increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and adiponectin conecentrations in both non-diabetic and diabetic overweight/obse patients. A 0.5-0.7 % reduction in HbA1c levels was observed in metformin- or sulphonylurea-treated patients with type-2 diabetes and in drug-native diabetic patients. Almost half of the metabolic changes, including HbA1c reduction, could not be explained by weight loss, sugesting that there aredirect peripheral effects. Rimonabant was generally well-tolerated, and the safety profile was similar in diabetic and non-diabetic patients, with a higher incidence of depressed nood disorders, nausea and dizziness. The potential role of rimonabant in over weight/obse patients with type-2 diabetes and at hight risk of cardiovascular disease deserves much consideration
Type 2 diabetes is closely related to abdominal obesity and is generally associated with other cardiometabolic risk factors, resulting in a risk of major cardiovascular disease. In human central and peripheral endocannabinoid actions, via the activation of Cb1 receptor, promote weight gain and associated metabolic changes. Rimonabant, the first selective CB (1) receptor blocker to reduce body weight, waist circumference, triglycerides, blood pressure, insulin resistance index and C-reactive protein levels, and to increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and adiponectin conecentrations in both non-diabetic and diabetic overweight/obse patients. A 0.5-0.7 % reduction in HbA1c levels was observed in metformin- or sulphonylurea-treated patients with type-2 diabetes and in drug-native diabetic patients. Almost half of the metabolic changes, including HbA1c reduction, could not be explained by weight loss, sugesting that there aredirect peripheral effects. Rimonabant was generally well-tolerated, and the safety profile was similar in diabetic and non-diabetic patients, with a higher incidence of depressed nood disorders, nausea and dizziness. The potential role of rimonabant in over weight/obse patients with type-2 diabetes and at hight risk of cardiovascular disease deserves much consideration
Tuesday 29 November 2011
TYPE 2 DIABETES
THE ADIPOSE-TISSUE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM
Overfeeding of rodents leads to increased local formation of angiotensin II due to increased secretion of angiotensinogen form adipocyted. Angiotensin II acts as an antiadipogenic substance in human plasma angiotensinogen levels than changes within the single adipocyte. However, as increased local formation of angiotensin II in adipose tissue may be increasedespecially inobse hypertensive subjects, a contribution of the adipose-tissue renin-angiotensin system to the development of insulin resistance and hypertension is conceivable in humans. Insulin resistance may be aggravated by the inhibition of preadipocyte recruitment, which results in the redistribution of triglycerides to the liver and skeletal muscle, and blood pressure may be influenced by local formation of angiotensin II in perivascular adipose tissue. Although the mechanisms are still speculative, the beneficial effecs of ACE-inhibition and angiotensin-receptor blockade on the development of type 2 diabetes. Suggest a pathophysiological role of the adipose-tissue renin-angiotensin system in the metabolic syndrome.
Overfeeding of rodents leads to increased local formation of angiotensin II due to increased secretion of angiotensinogen form adipocyted. Angiotensin II acts as an antiadipogenic substance in human plasma angiotensinogen levels than changes within the single adipocyte. However, as increased local formation of angiotensin II in adipose tissue may be increasedespecially inobse hypertensive subjects, a contribution of the adipose-tissue renin-angiotensin system to the development of insulin resistance and hypertension is conceivable in humans. Insulin resistance may be aggravated by the inhibition of preadipocyte recruitment, which results in the redistribution of triglycerides to the liver and skeletal muscle, and blood pressure may be influenced by local formation of angiotensin II in perivascular adipose tissue. Although the mechanisms are still speculative, the beneficial effecs of ACE-inhibition and angiotensin-receptor blockade on the development of type 2 diabetes. Suggest a pathophysiological role of the adipose-tissue renin-angiotensin system in the metabolic syndrome.
Monday 28 November 2011
TYPE 2 DIABETES
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CANNABINOID AND GLUCOSE METABOLISM
Cannabinoid 1 receptors have been identified not only in the brain, but also in the adipose tissue, the gut, the liver, the skeletal muscle and even the pancreas. all organs playing a key role in glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes. Rimonabant, the first selective cannabinoid 1 receptor blocker being use to reduce body weight, waist circumference, glycated haemoglobin, triglycerides, insulin resistance index, and to increase HDL cholesterol and adiponectin concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes, confirming data on nondiabetic overweight/obse patients. Almost half of the metabolic changes, including glycated haemoglobin reduction. could not be explained by weight loss, in agreement with direct peripheral effects.
Cannabinoid 1 receptors have been identified not only in the brain, but also in the adipose tissue, the gut, the liver, the skeletal muscle and even the pancreas. all organs playing a key role in glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes. Rimonabant, the first selective cannabinoid 1 receptor blocker being use to reduce body weight, waist circumference, glycated haemoglobin, triglycerides, insulin resistance index, and to increase HDL cholesterol and adiponectin concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes, confirming data on nondiabetic overweight/obse patients. Almost half of the metabolic changes, including glycated haemoglobin reduction. could not be explained by weight loss, in agreement with direct peripheral effects.
Sunday 23 October 2011
Tuesday 11 October 2011
LOOSE YOUR WEIGHT
LOOSE YOUR WEIGHT
There are million of people across the world who are suffering from obesity that not only affects one's personality but also give birth to many dangerous diseases which further increase the chances of their death. Beside this, obesity also makes the people indolent and inactive. Thus, in order to make the body active or to reduce fat, the obese person sacrifices with their diet for lifetime but don't get positive results. These days, many weight loss products are also available in the market which claims to be the best. So, taking of these products reduce the fat from the body and don’t creates other problems for you. Fortunately, there is another option- bar iatric surgery which is popularly known as weight loss surgery.
The other option is exercise. With opinion of an expert you can loose your weight with exercises with out any surgery or medication. In some cases exercises are not affective. But expert opinion is necessary, weather surgery or medication is best or exercise is best for you.
Thus, if you want to lose your weight then expert opinion is the best way to get rid of obesity and in addition to this; one should also take fibrous food, lots of water.
LOOSE YOUR WEIGHT
LOOSE YOUR WEIGHT
There are million of people across the world who are suffering from obesity that not only affects one's personality but also give birth to many dangerous diseases which further increase the chances of their death. Beside this, obesity also makes the people indolent and inactive. Thus, in order to make the body active or to reduce fat, the obese person sacrifices with their diet for lifetime but don't get positive results. These days, many weight loss products are also available in the market which claims to be the best. So, taking of these products reduce the fat from the body and don’t creates other problems for you. Fortunately, there is another option- bar iatric surgery which is popularly known as weight loss surgery.
The other option is exercise. With opinion of an expert you can loose your weight with exercises with out any surgery or medication. In some cases exercises are not affective. But expert opinion is necessary, weather surgery or medication is best or exercise is best for you.
Thus, if you want to lose your weight then expert opinion is the best way to get rid of obesity and in addition to this; one should also take fibrous food, lots of water.
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